EFFECT OF SMOKING ON THE HEART

INTRODUCTION

Each year, tobacco smoking accounts for around approximately 20% of all heart disease deaths. What is Coronary Heart Disease (CHD)? CHD has two principal forms - angina and heart attacks. Both occur because the arteries carrying blood to the heart muscle become blocked or narrowed, usually by a deposit of fatty substances, a process known as at ATHEROSCLEROSIS. Angina is a severe pain in the chest brought on by exertion and relieved by rest. A heart attack is due to obstruction of a coronary artery either as a result of atherosclerosis or a blood clot: part of the heart muscle is deprived of oxygen and dies. Risk factors for Coronary Heart Disease Cigarette smoking, raised blood cholesterol and high blood pressure are the most firmly established, non-hereditary risk factors leading to CHD with cigarette smoking being the "most important of the known modifiable risk factors for CHD", according to the US Surgeon General. A cigarette smoker has two to three times the risk of having a heart attack than a non-smoker. If both of the other main risk factors are present then the chances of having a heart attack can be increased eight times. At least 80% of heart attacks in men under 45 are thought to be due to cigarette smoking. At this age, heavy smokers have 10 to 15 times the rate of fatal heart attacks of non- smokers. Even light smokers are at increased risk of CHD: a US study found that women who smoked 1-4 cigarettes a day had a 2.5-fold increased risk of fatal coronary heart disease. The role of smoking in Coronary Heart Disease Inhaling tobacco smoke causes several immediate responses within the heart and its blood vessels. Within one minute of starting to smoke, the heart rate begins to rise: it may increase by as much as 30 percent during the first 10 minutes of smoking. Smoking also raises blood pressure: blood vessels constrict which forces the heart to work harder to deliver oxygen to the rest of the body. Meanwhile, carbon monoxide in tobacco smoke exerts a negative effect on the heart by reducing the blood's ability to carry oxygen. Smoking and arterial disease Smoking tends to increase blood cholesterol levels. Cigarette smokers also have raised fibrinogen levels and platelet counts which make the blood more sticky. Carbon monoxide attaches itself to haemoglobin much more easily than oxygen does. This reduces the amount of oxygen available to the tissues. All these factors make smokers more at risk of developing various forms of atherosclerotic disease. As the atherosclerotic process progresses, blood flows less easily through rigid and narrowed arteries and the blood is more likely to form a thrombosis (clot). This sudden blockage of an artery may lead to a fatal heart attack, a stroke or gangrene of the leg. Aneurysm Is a ballooning of the wall of an artery which leads to risk of bursting or clotting, which may lead to catastrophic results. Smokers are very much more likely to die from a ruptured aneurysm of the abdominal aorta than non-smokers. Peripheral vascular disease (PVD) Smokers have a 16 times greater risk of developing peripheral vascular disease (blocked blood vessels in the legs or feet) than people who have never smoked. Smokers who ignore the warning of early symptoms and continue to smoke are more likely to develop gangrene of a leg. Cigarette smoking combines with other factors to multiply the risks of atherosclerosis. Patients who continue to smoke after surgery for PVD are more likely to relapse, leading to amputation, and are more likely to die earlier.10 Thromboangiitis Obliterans (Buerger's Disease) This is a rare form of PVD, and is virtually always due to heavy cigarette smoking. It consists of an inflammatory condition of small vessels that leads to blocking of the arteries and gangrene. Few sufferers are able to stop and many of them end up with multiple amputations. Stroke Smokers are more likely to develop a cerebral thrombosis (stroke) than non-smokers. A form of cerebral haemorrhage (subarachnoid) is more common in smokers, especially among women who also take the contraceptive pill.

Facts About Heart Disease And Women

Kicking The Smoking Habit CORONARY HEART DISEASE is a woman's concern. Every woman's concern. One in ten American women 45 to 64 years of age has some form of heart disease, and this increases to one in five women over 65. Another 1.6 million women have had a stroke. Both heart disease and stroke are known as cardiovascular diseases, which are serious disorders of the heart and blood vessel system. Cigarette smoking is a habit that greatly increases the chances of developing cardiovascular diseases. Surprising as it may seem, smoking by women in some countries causes almost as many deaths from heart disease as from lung cancer. If you smoke, you are two to six times more likely to suffer a heart attack than a non-smoking woman, and the risk increases with the number of cigarettes you smoke each day. Smoking also boosts the risk of stroke. The big question is why do you have to smoke is it for fun or for a purpose?

HOW TO APPLY FOR PAYONEER MASTERCARD FREE

Payoneer is one of the most widely used prepaid debït card services with vast user account growth world wide acceptability.
But the major problem has being how to own one of such card. This trend will show you how to get one from payoneer partners.
This is because payoneer only give out the card through there partners which means you cannot directly apply for one.
The network is www.ReviewMe.com, which I’m sure you’ve heard about. If you’ve not gotten a card yet, then follow along, let ’s request for a new card using the ReviewMe Network: Registering With ReviewMe The first thing you ’ll do is to sign up for an account, hop over to their website and click on that big button that says “SIGNUP NOW”. Fill the form normally with your correct country address details, and in the payment option, select “ Prepaid Debit Mastercard”. As soon as you’re done with the form, click on “Create Account”, and you’ll be automatically taken to the Payoneer Mastercard signup page. Ensure you fill out the page appropriately with your orginal address, so your card can get to you effortlessly. When asked for your Identity verification, choose the drivers’ license option, though you’re free to choose any of the other two listed (National ID card or Int. Passport) if that ’s what you have. Your mastercard should be approved within 24hrs, so ensure you check your mail regularly. If you ’d like your card to be delivered to a P.O Box, then after about 5days of application, go to Payoneer.com, click on the “Contact Us” link. Tell them you want your card to be shipped to a P.O Box, and provide details. P.O Box is faster, and with that you should get your card within 33days. How To Fund Your Payoneer Mastercard There are 3 different ways you can do this. You can either use card to card transfer, liberty reserve and of course getting payment from the network. 1. Card to Card Transfer If you already own a local issued credit card, you can use this option. Go to: https:// load.payoneer.com/ LoadToPage.aspx , follow the instructions on the page and your card should be loaded. Anybody other than you can equally load fund directly into your card from any credit card using this option. If you do freelance work or the sorts, you can get paid directly into your card from your employer with this method. 2. Fund Payoneer Mastercard With Liberty Reserve The other option is funding using liberty reserve, that ’s if you don’t own any local card that you can use. Though I ’ve never used this option myself, so do your due diligence before making use of the following information: Visit www.minute-exchange.com Click on “Debit Cards” on the top menu. Click on “Fund Debit Cards” (They used “Found” instead of “Fund”. Don’t know why, so don’t ask.) Select the Atm card option . Enter the amount you want to fund with. Select Liberty reserve as the “ Ecurrency Type”, then enter your liberty reserve account number. Enter your full name in the next box exactly as it appears on your Payoneer card, and then enter your card number. In the last box, which says “Additional Information” put in there that the card you’re funding is from Payoneer, and that it can be funded directly at: https:// load.payoneer.com/ LoadToPage.aspx using any credit card. Then click submit. This will take you to liberty reserve payment page. Follow the instructions there to make your payment. Check your card within 24hrs, and you should see your money in there. 3. Receive Payment Directly From The Network This option is for getting payments directly from the network you ’re working with. If it’s an affiliate network, then promote product and make sales. If it ’s a freelance network, then look for work opportunities and execute them to get paid. If it ’s a review type of network in the case of ReviewMe, then list your blog on their marketplace to get offers from advertisers, though your blog has to be popular with lots of great content to get advertisers’ attention. You can now go on a spending spree. Funds from your Payoneer mastercard can be withdrawn using any of the ATM machine that accept internationally issued mastercard.

HOW TO TAKE CARE OF BODY ODOUR

Body odour is often easily treated and a medical diagnosis isn't usually necessary. Take regular baths or showers, at least once a day. After puberty, using an antiperspirant can help to reduce sweating, and some also inhibit bacterial growth. This is rarely needed with younger children. Fresh clothes should be worn every day, and clothing should be washed at as high a temperature as possible, then dried as quickly as possible. Bacteria can survive in damp clothing and produce a characteristic smell. Feet should be washed regularly, dried thoroughly and treated with antifungal powder if necessary. Avoid closed, sweaty shoes such as trainers, and wear fresh cotton socks or keep feet bare in open sandals as often as possible. Avoiding very spicy food may also help. For more severe sweating, called hyperhidrosis, injecting botulinum toxin (Botox) into the skin near the armpit, the removal of some sweat glands from the armpit, or destroying nerves that control armpit sweating, may be recommended.

BODY ODOUR A CASE STUDY

Body odour, also known as bromhidrosis, is the unpleasant smell that can occur when you sweat. Human sweat is mostly odourless, but when bacteria on the skin break down the sweat into acids, it produces an unpleasant smell. Sweat glands The human body contains 3-4 million sweat glands. There are two types of gland: eccrine glands – spread across your skin, these are responsible for regulating your body's temperature by cooling your skin with sweat when you get hot apocrine glands – concentrated in your armpits, genital area and breasts, these glands develop during puberty and release scented chemicals known as pheromones Eccrine sweat is usually odourless but can start to smell if bacteria get a chance to break down the stale sweat. It can also take on an offensive odour if you consume certain things, such as garlic, spices, alcohol and certain medications, such as some antidepressants. But it is the apocrine glands that are mostly responsible for body odour because the sweat that they produce contains a high level of protein, which bacteria find easy to break down. Body odour is worse if you have a high level of apocrine sweat production, or there is lots of bacteria on your skin.
Who is affected Everyone who has passed the age of puberty (and therefore developed apocrine glands) can produce body odour.
Factors that can make body odour worse include: being overweight eating a diet rich in spicy foods having certain medical conditions, such as diabetes (see the Body odour warning sign box in Body odour - treatment) Men tend to sweat more than women and are more likely to have body odour.
Managing body odour You can manage a body odour problem by getting rid of any excess skin bacteria and keeping the affected skin as dry as possible. This can often be achieved through simple hygiene measures. Surgery is available for more severe sweating that cannot be treated by self-care measures and over-the- counter products.